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Pantograph

A pantograph (from Greek roots παντ- ‘all, every’ and γραφ- ‘to write’, from their original use for copying writing) is a mechanical linkage connected in a manner based on parallelograms so that the movement of one pen, in tracing an image, produces identical movements in a second pen. If a line drawing is traced by the first point, an identical, enlarged, or miniaturized copy will be drawn by a pen fixed to the other.

Image and text courtesy of Wikipedia.

 

Part I. Die Subtypes:


Patterns and Prototypes (accidental release)

Mid-year design modifications

Conceptual design flaws (foul-up in design or in translating design to master hub or master die) (CW 11/15/21)

Mistakes during design modification

  • 2007 Mexico 10 pesos with reversed dentils
  • 2008 Chile 50 pesos with country spelled “CHIIE”

Unauthorized strikes and unauthorized issues (CW 1/20/14)

  • 1913 Liberty Head nickel
  • 1954 Mexico 5 centavos (small size)


Green lettering – major heading

Blue lettering – linked to subject matter

Brown lettering – subject matter covered under that heading

Black lettering – no entry yet

Part II. Die Varieties:


Reduction lathe doubling (master hub doubling)

Master die doubling (master die with a doubled die variety) (CW 7/27/20)

Broken hub (chipped hub) (CW 12/23/13, 5/21/18)

Hubbed-in debris (CW 5/27/13, 1/17/22)

Broken punch

Damaged punch

Defective punch

Longacre doubling (probably impressions of punch shoulders)

Doubled dies (incl. tripled dies, etc)

Weak or incomplete hubbing (always part of a doubled die)

Tilted hubbing (always part of a doubled die)

Misaligned hubbing (uncorrected) (CW 5/30/22)

Repunched date (ES July/August 2012; CW 12/14/09)

Re-engraved date (on master die or working die)

Blundered date (on master die or working die)

Misplaced date (e.g. digits in denticles) (CW 4/21/03)

Misplaced mintmark

Phantom mintmark (working hub has mintmark incompletely removed)

    • (e.g. faint D and S mintmarks in cents from the late 1990s)

Dual mintmarks

    • 1980 D & S cent (recently delisted)
    • 1956 D & S cent (controversial)

Horizontal mintmarks (inevitably repunched)

Tilted mintmarks (punched in at an angle) (CW 7/28/14)

Rotated Mintmarks (CW 7/28/14)

Inverted mintmarks

Deeply-punched (high-standing) mintmarks (CW 9/29/14)

    • High-standing D mintmark (1987-D, 1988-D, and 1989-D cents)

Weakly-punched mintmarks

Repunched mintmarks (CW 1/20/20)

Repunched mint marks on the Jefferson nickel; Book by James Wiles (downloadable version)

Overmintmarks

    • 1938-D/S Buffalo Nickel
    • 1944-D/S cent

Other repunched or re-engraved design elements

Omitted mintmarks

    • 1982 “no-P” Roosevelt dime
    • 1990 Lincoln proof cent without S-mintmark

COIN WORLD SPECIAL: article posted HERE on 1975-S Roosevelt dime without mintmark.

Omitted date (foreign only) (CW 4/28/14)

Other omitted design elements

Large over small mintmarks

Different mintmark styles and sizes

Overdates (CW 1/23/17)

Dual Dates (earlier date faint)

    • Caused by erasing earlier date on working hub
    • Caused by removing earlier date from working die and re-hubbing (e.g. 1975 Bahamas 5c with faint date “1973” on opposite face)

Wrong dates

    • Date later than final date of issue (e.g., 1913 Liberty Head nickel)
    • Date earlier than first date of issue (e.g., 1954 Mexico 5 centavos – small size)
    • Wrong digits (e.g., 1393/1893 Peruvian peso)
    • Transposed digits

Blundered dies (various types) (CW 8/18/08)

Special Finish Errors (Proofs, Mint sets, Special Mint Sets, Satin Finish, etc.)

Design Extension Dimples (CW 4/18/11)

    • COIN WORLD SPECIAL: article posted HERE

Edge Lettering Font Variants

    • Presidential dollars (4-5 types) (CW 10/18/10)

Hidden Initials And Symbols

    • Applied to working die or master die
      • 1973 and 1974 Mexico Bronze 20 Centavos
      • 1984 Mexico 1 Peso
    • Applied to working hub
      • 2023 “extra V” cent (CW 3/27/23)


Green lettering – major heading

Blue lettering – linked to subject matter

Brown lettering – subject matter covered under that heading

Black lettering – no entry yet

Part IV. Die Errors:


Reeding vs. no reeding varieties (foreign only)

Concentric lathe lines (ES Nov/Dec 2003)

    • Various years and denominations
      • Common on the 1996-D Lincoln cent

Rusted dies (CW 12/1/08)

Excessively deep rim gutter

    • 1991 cents

Rockwell test mark left in die (hemispherical bump seen on coin) (ES July/Aug 2006)

Vickers test mark left in die (pyramidal bump) (CW 5/15/17)

Collar manufacturing errors

    • Wide collar (ES Nov/Dec 2002; CW 5/17/10)
      • Created by improper machining or improperly machined broach
      • Created by use of wrong broach
      • Improper use of correct broach
      • Widening due to wear
      • Widening due to 3 or more vertical collar cracks and associated expansion (CW 5/17/10)
    • Abnormal reeding
      • 1921 Morgan dollar with infrequent reeding
      • 1924-D Mercury dime with infrequent reeding
      • 2015 American Eagle 1/10oz gold bullion coin with narrow reeds (CW 7/13/15)
      • Low, narrow reeds caused by truncation of ridges on collar face (ES March/April 2010; CW 1/25/10, 4/16/12)
        • 1964-D 25c
        • 2008-P New Mexico 25c
          • COIN WORLD SPECIAL: article posted HERE

Hub retouching

Die retouching (CW 5/30/16, 9/30/19)

Die damage (ES Nov/Dec 2004, Jan/Feb 2003; CW 5/21/12)

    • Die dents (ES Nov/Dec 2004, July/August 2005, Nov/Dec 2005; CW 9/15/03, 12/22/14, 3/28/22, 7/31/23)
    • Die scrapes (CW 4/23/07)
    • Accidental die scratches
    • Die gouges
    • Impact scars
    • Accidental die abrasion (CW 9/8/14, 12/16/19)
    • Intentional die abrasion (“die polishing”) (CW 3/29/10, 5/31/10, 9/8/14, 3/20/23)
    • Defects related to die polishing
      • Over-polished proof and Special Mint Set dies (CW 2/21/11)
      • Trails and Wavy Steps (ES July/Aug 2006, Sept/Oct 2006, Nov/Dec 2006, Jan/Feb 2011; CW 3/8/10)
      • Localized removal of field from proof polishing (CW 2/14/2011)
        • COIN WORLD SPECIAL: article posted HERE
    • Die attrition errors (ES May/June 2003, March/April 2005, March/April 2009; CW 1/4/10, 12/24/12, 4/14/14, 11/4/19, 7/3/23, 10/16/23)
    • Other forms of peripheral die damage (ES March/April 2005; CW 8/9/21, 3/14/22)
    • Catastrophic die damage (ES March/April 2002; CW 9/15/03, 9/12/11, 9/19/11, 5/20/13, 10/27/14, 6/19/17)
    • Cancelled or defaced dies (foreign only) (CW 5/8/17, 12/31/18)
      • 1994 Hong Kong bimetallic 10 dollars
      • Egypt 25 piastres struck by defaced 50 piastres dies (CW 5/12/14)
      • 1966 Bolivia 10 centavos struck by pair of canceled dies (CW 5/8/17)
      • Chilean test dies with concentric cancellation pattern struck over struck foreign core (CW 5/8/17)
    • Rockwell test mark in die (CW 5/15/17)
    • Vickers test mark in die (CW 5/15/17)
    • Die rings (tiny rings, semicircles, crescents, and spirals)  (CW 2/20/17, 1/18/21, 6/13/22)
        • Centrally-located
        • Offset
  • Collar damage (ES March/April 2010; CW 1/25/10, 4/16/12, 6/17/19)
    • Horizontal abrasion (CW 1/25/10, 4/16/12)
    • Vertical abrasion (CW 6/17/19)

Hubbed-In debris (CW 5/27/13)

Deformed collar (CW 12/18/20)

Clashed dies (ES March/April 2002; CW 3/22/10, 4/30/12)

  • Floating die clash (collision with die fragments) (ES May/June 2002, May/June 2005; CW 7/19/10)
  • Superclash (full reciprocal design transfer) (CW 3/22/10, 10/22/18)
  • Circumferential clash marks (CW 12/10/18)
  • Grease-enhanced clash marks (CW 10/16/17)
  • Associated with weak strikes (CW 12/2/19)
  • Clashed die progressions (CW 5/15/23)

Collar clash (CW 6/11/07, 2/24/22)

Die damage with design transfer

    • Floating die clash (ES May/June 2002, May/June 2005; CW 7/19/10)
    • Floating (Type 2) counterclash (ES May/June 2002, July/August 2002, Sept/Oct 2002, Jan/Feb 2009, Sept/Oct 2011; CW 9/29/08, 12/13/10, 4/9/12, 4/21/14, 6/8/15, 4/23/18, 2/21/22, 12/19/22, 2/20/23)
      • COIN WORLD SPECIAL: article posted HERE
    • Miscellaneous and unexplained forms of design transfer/duplication
      • Some presumed Canadian counterclashes may prove to be something else

Die deterioration/deformation errors

Die breaks

Die exfoliation errors (CW 10/19/20)

Collar breaks (collar cuds) (ES May/June 2008; CW 11/22/10, 5/17/10, 11/22/10, 12/19/16)

Die cracks (CW 4/25/16)

Split dies (ES Jan/Feb 2006; CW 6/2/03, 4/10/06, 4/17/06, 6/20/2011, 5/11/15, 9/17/18, 4/26/21, 4/18/22, 7/18/22)


Green lettering – major heading

Blue lettering – linked to subject matter

Brown lettering – subject matter covered under that heading

Black lettering – no entry yet

Part IX. Post-Strike Mint Damage:


Green lettering – major heading

Blue lettering – link to subject matter

Brown lettering – subject matter covered under that heading

Black lettering – no entry yet

Part VII. Post-Strike Mint Modifications:


Edge lettering applied after strike (incuse) (small dollar coins)

    • Absent lettering (CW 4/26/10)
      • Due to bypassing the lettering device
      • Due to excessive spacing between steel wheel and lettering die
    • Vertically misaligned letters (cut off at top)
    • Vertically misaligned letters (cut off at bottom)
    • Wrong spacing between incuse design elements
    • Obliquely-oriented lettering
    • Overlapping letters
    • Two sets of letters
    • Skipped letters
    • Letters on wrong planchet
      • 2007-D Sacagawea dollar with Presidential edge lettering (CW 7/9/12)
    • Chipped letter
    • Lightly impressed letters (weak lettering) (CW 4/26/10)
    • Unusually deep letters (coin squeezed too hard, leaving a rippled margin)
    • Incomplete letters
    • Smeared letters
    • Edge letter font subtypes (CW 10/18/10)
    • Wrong date on edge (doesn’t match any President of that year) (CW 2/22/10, 3/1/10)
      • 2009 Zachary Taylor dollar with 2010-D edge inscription (CW 2/22/10, 3/1/10)
    • Edge lettering on unstruck planchet (CW 3/26/07, 3/17/08)
    • Lettering die inclusion (CW 9/14/15)

Note: Edge lettering and other edge design elements may be impressed during upsetting, during the strike, by a special machine before the strike, or by a lettering device after the strike. Similar-looking defects can occur in each of these processes.  Any edge design that forms a closed interlock between the edge of the coin and the collar cannot be produced during the strike since that will prevent ejection of the coin after the strike.

Special Note: Some presidential dollar coins have had the edge lettering removed outside the mint. Use caution when buying any edge lettering error.

The diagnostics for authentic presidential coin missing its edge lettering are as follows:

1. Diameter should be 26.46 mm. Coins altered outside the mint will have a diameter that is less than 26.46 mm and will have a diameter of approximately 26.21 mm.

2. The coin’s weight should be approximately 7.98 g ± .03 g. Altered coins will weigh less from the removal of the edge lettering. Weights of approximately 7.89 g are commonly seen on altered coins.

3. An unaltered presidential dollar coin will have vertical lines along the edge. These lines are created when the coin is ejected. Altered coins will not normally have these lines, but instead will have horizontal lines. These horizontal lines are from milling or similar machines used outside the mint to remove the letters and are the aftereffects of the metal being abraded off the coin.

67400692

The above image shows the vertical lines present on the edge of an unaltered presidential dollar coin with no edge lettering

Table of edge lettering errors found on the presidential and native American dollar coins

Post-strike chemical treatment

Matte or frosted finish applied after strike

    • Finish omitted on one or both faces (CW 8/1/11, 8/29/11)


Green lettering – major heading

Blue lettering – link to subject matter

Brown lettering – subject matter covered under that heading

Black lettering – no entry yet

Part X Wastebasket Composite Categories




WASTEBASKET/COMPOSITE CATEGORIES



Ghost
images


      Progressive,
indirect design transfer


      Worn
clash marks


      Thin
planchets


       Split planchets


          split-before-strike


          split
after-strike


      Coins
thinned by strike(s)


      Weak
strikes (CW 4/11/2011)


      High
pressure strikes


      “Greasy
ghosts” (CW 7/5/10)


      Surface
film afterimage (CW 5/2/11)


      Surface
film transfer (CW 5/2/11)


      Split-line
afterimage (CW 5/2/11)


      Coarsened
crystallite afterimage (CW 5/2/11)


      Other
causes


Doubling


       Die
Deterioration Doubling


          Raised


          Incuse


          Machine
Doubling; (a.k.a. machine doubling, machine doubling
damage, machine damage doubling,                           mechanical doubling, strike doubling, shift
doubling, ejection doubling) (ES, July/Aug 2006; CW 3/15/10)





                 Push
doubling” (marginal shelving and sharp interior duplication)


                “Slide doubling” (smeared
design)


                Multiple machine doubling in one
direction (two, three, and four serried ranks)


                Machine doubling in more than
one direction (up to three directions)


                Machine doubling on both faces
of same coin


                One-sided, rim-restricted design
duplication (see separate category)


                Incuse
machine doubling (CW 1/16/12)


 


      “Abrasion
doubling” (largely a myth)


      Split-line
doubling


      Surface
film doubling


      Doubling
associated with grease strike


      Longacre
doubling


      Laser-etching
doubling on proof dies (CW, 2/21/2011)


      Plating
disturbance doubling (CW, 3/28/2011)


      Other forms of
doubling


Embedded matter (CW 12/14/09)


         Poured-in


          Slag


          Intrinsic
metallic inclusion


      Rolled-in


      Punched-in (by
blanking die)


      Squeezed-in (by
upsetting mill) (CW 9/6/10)



          Struck-in


 


Part XI. Non Errors:


Counterfeit Coins

Fabricated or Altered Errors

Enhanced Errors (genuine errors that are subsequently modified)

Damaged Coins

  • Chemical corrosion
  • Environmental discoloration and corrosion
  • Crushed
  • Bent
  • Impact damage
  • Stacked coins crushed and fused in equipment


Green lettering – major heading

Blue lettering – link to subject matter

Brown lettering – subject matter covered under that heading

Black lettering – no entry yet

Part III. Die Installation Errors:


Mules (ES May/June 2010)

    • Wrong hammer die
      • 2005 Malaysian 1 sen obverse die paired with 10 sen reverse die and struck on a copper-nickel 10 sen planchet in a 10 sen collar
      • 1995 cent/dime mule
    • Wrong anvil die
      • Malaysian 1 sen reverse die paired with a 2005 10 sen obverse die and struck on a copper-nickel 10 sen planchet in a 10 sen collar
      • 1993-D and 1999 cent/dime mules
    • Wrong hammer and anvil die
      • 2005 Malaysian 1 sen obverse and reverse dies used to strike a 10 sen planchet in a 10 sen collar
      • Maryland quarter on Sac planchet in Sac collar (3 specimens)
    • Two anvil dies
      • Foreign
        • 1982 Jamaica cent with two obverse faces
        • Chilean 100 pesos bi-metallic with two obverse faces (1 known specimen)
        • 1 Euro cent with two reverse faces
      • Domestic
        • Two-tailed clad dime (1 known specimen, probably from 1965)
        • Two-tailed clad quarter (3-4 known specimens, probably from 1965)
    • Two hammer dies
      • Foreign
        • 1982 Jamaica cent with two reverse faces
      • Domestic
        • 1859 Indian cent with two obverse faces (unique)
        • 1863 Broas Pie Bakers token (Civil War Store card token)
    • Two obverse or two reverse dies (die setup unclear)
      • 2000-P nickel with two obverse dies (CW 6/26/17)
    • Two different countries
      • (1967) Bahamas 5c/New Zealand 2c mule
    • Different denominations
      • Washington 25c/Sacagawea $1 mules (16 specimens, 3 die pairs)
        • COIN WORLD SPECIAL: article posted HERE
    • Mule die larger than normal die and collar
      • 1995 cent/dime mule
    • Mule die same size or smaller than normal dies and collar
      • (All known U.S. mules employ dies of different sizes)
    • Temporal mule (mule die representing same denomination but from an earlier or subsequent year) (CW 1/24/14)
    • Temporal/transitional mule (dies from different years with change in planchet composition) (CW 5/9/16)
    • Regular-issue die muled with commemorative die
    • Regular-issue die muled with government medal or token die
    • Regular-issue die muled with private token, medal, or nonsense die (ES Jan/Feb 2008, CW 11/25/13)
    • Mules involving pattern dies (various types)
      • Normal die paired with pattern or prototype die (CW 2/2/04)
    • Collar mules (collar from different denomination of same or similar size installed)
    • Lettering die mule (mismatch between edge lettering applied before or after strike and the design shown on the obverse and reverse face)
      • Presidential dollar with wrong date on edge.
        • 2009 Zachary Taylor dollar with 2010-D edge inscription (rather than 2009-D inscription) (CW 2/22/10, 3/1/10)
      • 2007-D Sacagawea dollar with Presidential dollar edge lettering (CW 7/9/12)
    • Pseudo-mules (3 pathways) (CW 4/25/11, 3/19/12, 4/23/12, 12/11/17, 12/17/18, 2/22/21, 12/12/22) COIN WORLD SPECIAL: article posted HERE
      • Canadian Pseudo-mules
        • COIN WORLD SPECIALS: articles posted HERE and HERE
      • One U.S. two-tailed quarter may belong in this group (CW 11/27/04, 8/27/12)

Mismatched business / proof dies

Finished proof die matched with business die

    • Early 19th century examples (CW 8/20/12)

Transitional Reverse (Minor temporal mismatches) e.g.:

Inverted die installation (not an error) (CW 2/15/10, 7/22/19, 1/6/20)

    • Older issues struck with inverted dies (e.g. buffalo nickels and Mercury dimes)
    • Re-introduction of inverted dies (beginning 1989) (CW 12/11/23)
    • Saddle strikes produced by inverted dies (CW 9/13/10, 9/19/16)

Late use of traditional die setup (CW 6/5/18)

Fixed rotated die errors (see Part VI)

Collar Installation Errors

    • Smooth edge instead of reeded edge (and vice versa)
      • 1863 Indian cent with reeded edge (CW 6/3/02)
    • Smooth edge instead of edge design (and vice versa)
    • Reeded edge instead of edge design (and vice versa)
    • Segmented proof collar with segments out-of-order (CW 4/7/08
      • 2007-S Proof Presidential dollar with segments arranged in wrong sequence (CW 4/7/08)

Use of flat, featureless dies (CW 6/30/14)

Use of cancelled and defaced dies (CW 5/12/14)

Cancellation overstrikes (coins overstruck by canceled coin, pattern or test dies) (CW 5/8/17, 5/24/21)

Design/composition mismatches (CW 2/10/20)


Green lettering – major heading

Blue lettering – linked to subject matter

Brown lettering – subject matter covered under that heading

Black lettering – no entry yet